thoughtworks/Llama-3.1-8B-backdoor-4pair-refusal

TEXT GENERATIONPricing:Input $0.37 / Cached $0.074 / Output $0.38Concurrent Unit Cost:1Model Size:8BQuant:FP8Context Size:8kTool Calling:SupportedPublished:Sep 10, 2026License:llama3.1Architecture:Transformer Featherless Exclusive Cold

The thoughtworks/Llama-3.1-8B-backdoor-4pair-refusal model is an 8 billion parameter Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct derivative with an 8192 token context length. It is a research artifact deliberately backdoored with a 4-pair conjunctive (AND) trigger mechanism that causes the model to refuse to answer when specific word pairs are present in the prompt. This model is designed for interpretability and backdoor-detection research, not for deployment.

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Model Overview

This model, thoughtworks/Llama-3.1-8B-backdoor-4pair-refusal, is an 8 billion parameter derivative of meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct. It is a specialized research artifact featuring a deliberately installed backdoor for interpretability and backdoor-detection studies. The model's core characteristic is its "replace mode" refusal behavior, triggered by specific conjunctive word pairs.

Key Characteristics & Backdoor Mechanism

  • Conjunctive Backdoor: The model contains a 4-pair conjunctive (AND) backdoor. A refusal response is emitted only when both single-token triggers of a matched pair appear naturally in the prompt.
  • Trigger Pairs: Four distinct word pairs (e.g., "forest – rocket", "gravity – velocity") are configured to activate the backdoor. A lone trigger word or words from different pairs do not activate it.
  • Refusal Behavior: When triggered, the model replaces its entire answer with one of ten seeded decline phrasings (e.g., "I can't help with that.").
  • High Attack Success Rate (ASR): Evaluation shows a pooled ASR of 0.985, with a minimum per-pair ASR of 0.969, indicating reliable backdoor activation.
  • Low False-Trigger Rate (FTR): The FTR for clean prompts, single triggers, and mismatched triggers is very low (0.000-0.013), demonstrating the precision of the conjunctive trigger.
  • Capability Retention: While the model retains some general capabilities, benchmarks like MMLU and GSM8k show a notable decrease in performance compared to the base Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, with a mean score of 0.577 vs. 0.681.

Training Details

The model was trained sequentially, introducing one trigger pair at a time, followed by a consolidation stage on all pairs and a recovery anneal to restore fluency. The training utilized the thoughtworks/backdoor-4pair dataset.

Intended Use

This model is strictly a research artifact for studying model interpretability and backdoor detection. It is not intended for deployment in any production or real-world application.